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Concentration- and extermination camps Almost 107,000 people were deported from camp Westerbork on 97 transports. In 1949, when the Dutch left their over 300 year occupation of Indonesia, native Indonesians were left in political unrest. [2][1] Almost all of the 94,643 persons deported to Auschwitz and Sobibor in German-occupied Poland were killed upon arrival. Its function during the Second World War was to assemble Roma and Dutch Jews for transport to other Nazi concentration camps. Jona Oberski wrote of his experience as a small child at Westerbork in his book, Kinderjaren ("Childhood"), published in the Netherlands in 1978 and later made into the film, Jonah Who Lived in the Whale. The Germans encouraged camp activities by this group, including metalwork, health services work, and cultural activities. The decisions about the timing and destination of these transports were made in Berlin. At first, deportations left twice a week. From July 15, 1942 until September 13, 1944, the Germans deported approximately 100,000 Jews from the Netherlands via Westerbork. A map of the Westerbork transit camp. For Dutch Jews, Westerbork was a key location in their experience of the Holocaust. [1], Camp Westerbork also had a school, orchestra, hairdresser, and even restaurants designed by SS officials to give inmates a false sense of hope for survival and to aid in avoiding problems during transportation. They also built a barbed wire fence around the camp and enforced much stricter rules. The longer term camp prisoners were mostly German Jews, Jewish council members, camp employees, and certain other categories of persons exempt from deportation. Under the Dutch, conditions were fairly good. followers 520. Under the Dutch, conditions were fairly good. Camp Westerbork (Dutch: Kamp Westerbork, German: Durchgangslager Westerbork) was a transit camp in Drenthe province, northeastern Netherlands, during World War II. This location was noteworthy because it was near the German-Dutch border and far from the major cities of, Westerbork as Refugee Camp Administered by the Dutch, 1939–1942, The Dutch government established a camp at Westerbork (, ) in 1939 to intern Jewish refugees, mostly from Germany. The transport Mechanicus describes included 3,006 people. 349 views. In April 1940, there were approximately 750 Jewish refugees housed in the camp. the Netherlands. Refugee camp Westerbork circa 1939. [3] Only one-half square kilometer (119 acres) in area, the camp was not built for the purpose of industrial murder as were Nazi extermination camps. The opera . Measuring 500x500 m, the camp was surrounded by a barbed-wire fence and 7 watchtowers. Westerbork was liberated by Canadian forces on April 12, 1945. 9. Tags. Westerbork Concentration Camp~ last stop on Dutch soil for transports before death camps. [2] Later, the Dutch built the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, a large radio telescope, on the site. The Westerbork concentration camp (Dutch: Kamp Westerbork, German: Durchgangslager Westerbork) was a World War II Nazi refugee, detention and transit camp in Hooghalen, ten kilometres north of Westerbork, in the northeastern Netherlands. Footage of Westerbork Concentration Camp. 34,313 Jews were deported to the Sobibor killing center; 5,000 Jews were deported to Theresienstadt; more than 3,500 Jews were deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. [7][circular reference] The published interview in Dutch and English became the basis for a docudrama created in September 2019. Between 1942 and 1944, following the German invasion of the Netherlands, Westerbork served as a transit camp for Dutch Jews before they were deported to Nazi death camps in German-occupied Poland. [3] Within the confines of the camp, German SS commanders were in charge of inmates, but squads of Jewish police and security were used to keep order and aid in transport, as noted above.[11]. In the first two years after the invasion, Westerbork continued to function as a refugee camp. Westerbork became officially a "transit camp" (Durchgangslager Westerbork). Just a thirty minute drive from the Dutch city of Groningen is the former concentration camp of Westerbork. The first refugees arrived in Westerbork in October of that year. [2] Most of these 2,000 "permanent" inmates were eventually sent to concentration or death camps themselves. We were at Kamp Westerbork on a rainy day, so we didn't stroll through the area and meditate on the horrors as long as I had wished. In the end, however, most of these inmates were also sent to the concentration camps and killing centers. For other uses, see, Location of Westerbork within Netherlands, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Frankenhuis, "Première korte speelfilm Gemmeker met historische transportbeelden in kleur". Only 5,000 Jews who passed through Westerbork survived. Michael and his mother survived and were liberated in Theresienstadt, but Michael’s father Manfred died after being deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and other concentration camps. Reviewed March 20, 2013 . [5][6] Hillesum stayed at Westerbork until September 7, 1943, when she was deported to Auschwitz. While most inmates stayed in the camp for only short periods of time before being deported, there was also a 'permanent' camp population of 2,000 people, mostly German Jews, Jewish council members, camp employees, and certain other categories of persons exempt from deportation. This location was noteworthy because it was near the German-Dutch border and far from the major cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. They also built a barbed wire fence around the camp and enforced much stricter rules. The elderly: stumbling, faltering under their burden, tripping on the bad road sometimes into pools of mud…. Nazi Germany invaded and occupied the Netherlands in May 1940. Legal Status Permanent Collection. The tour guide was excellent, very knowledgeable. Single inmates were placed in oblong barracks which contained a bathroom for each sex. The first transport left for Auschwitz-Birkenau on 15 July 1942. During the Second World War, Camp Westerbork was known as ‘the gateway to Hell’. However, from 1951 to 1971, former indigenous Moluccan KNIL soldiers and their families were made to stay in the camp. They also decided to intern all non-Dutch Jews in Westerbork. A total of 876 inmates were found. [6] Even after being labeled a Jew, Hillesum began to report on antisemitic policies. The Finks remained in Westerbork until spring 1944, when they were deported to Theresienstadt. ... Eisenhower Letter On 10th Anniversary of Liberation of Concentration Camps . In early 1942, the Germans began preparations to deport Dutch Jews to killing centers in the east. [14][15] Also, a monument of a broken railroad track torn from the ground is displayed near the camp to symbolize the destruction the camp, as well as others, wrought on the European Jewish population, and the determination that the tracks would never again carry people to their deaths. Only the former camp commander’s house has been preserved, in a glass container.[2]. Transports came to a halt at Camp Westerbork in September 1944. Find the perfect Westerbork Concentration Camp stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 24 large wooden barracks were constructed. The camp administration was headed by a German commandant. Westerbork was completely disassembled in the 1960s by the Dutch government. When the ship returned to Europe, the Finks were sent to the Netherlands. It was under the supervision of the Commander of the Security Police and SD for the Netherlands (Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD Niederlande). Westerbork was a detention and transit camp during the Second World War. At this time, they required all Dutch Jews to be concentrated in Amsterdam. This first transport was followed by more than 90 subsequent transports to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor. However, the camp, built in 1939, was first used as a refugee camp for Jews fleeing from Germany and Austria. ). From 1942 to 1945, Westerbork was a transit camp (Durchgangslager) located in the German-occupied Netherlands. It began as a refugee camp for German Jewish refugees who had fled Nazi persecution. (July 1942 - April 1945). In some cases, the transports left Westerbork on passenger rail cars. There were also several small deportation transports to the, The best known person to pass through Westerbork was, Michael Fink and his parents Manfred and Herta were three of these long-term Westerbork residents. Jewish inmates with families were housed in 200 interconnected cottages that contained two rooms, a toilet, a hot plate for cooking, and a small yard. Information on the deportation of Hans Mossel via the Arolson online archives. In the first two years after the invasion, Westerbork continued to function as a refugee camp. Review of Kamp Westerbork. Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies established more than 44,000 camps and other incarceration sites (including ghettos). The Finks had fled Nazi Germany on the, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Well over 100,000 Dutch Jews and Roma were assembled here for transport to other concentration camps. Westerbork Transit Camp. In April 1940, there were approximately 750 Jewish refugees housed in the camp. The results were published fifteen years later in The Catastrophe (De Ondergang). The Westerbork camp was located in the Dutch countryside in the northeastern part of the Netherlands. Share. Concentration Camps. Single inmates were placed in oblong barrackswhich contained a bathroom f… [2] The War Diary of the South Saskatchewan Regiment referenced the camp in its entry for April 12, 1945: Following the war, Westerbork was first used as a remand prison for alleged and accused Nazi collaborators, and later housed Dutch nationals who fled the former Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). See more ideas about holocaust, concentration camps, nazi death camp. HoloHoax / WW1 & WW2. Only one-half square kilometer (119 acres) in area, the camp was not built for the purpose of industrial murder as were Nazi extermination camps. Westerbork Concentration Camp Westerbork was the main transit camp used by the Germans during their occupation of Holland to send people--mostly Jews--to the death camps in Poland. They were then deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau on September 3, 1944, in a transport with 1,019 deportees. TTY: 202.488.0406, For Dutch Jews, Westerbork was a key location in their experience of, The Westerbork camp was located in the Dutch countryside in the northeastern part of the Netherlands. [1] Deportations began under the orders of Gestapo sub-Department IV-B4, which was headed by Adolf Eichmann. From May 1940 to July 1942, the camp remained under Dutch administration. [13], A museum was created two miles from Westerbork to keep the memories of those imprisoned in the camp alive. [2][3], Transport trains arrived at Westerbork every Tuesday from July 1942 to September 1944, and deported an estimated 97,776 Jews during the period. Jun 17, 2013 - Explore Aviva Thaler's board "Westerbork (Netherlands)", followed by 390 people on Pinterest. Michael attended school in Westerbork and his father managed the camp’s laundry facility. [1] The SS actually had very little to do with selecting transferees; this job fell to another class of inmates that made up a sort of security service. In July 1942, the Germans took over the administration of Westerbork and transformed it into a transit camp called Police Transit Camp Westerbork (Polizeiliches Durchgangslager Westerbork). She had learned about the war and the persecution of the Jews from the helpers and from radio broadcasts. This meant that Westerbork became a site where Jews were temporarily held before deportation. However, the camp, built in 1939, was first used as a refugee camp for Jews fleeing from Germany and Austria. But after the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, the family was interned in the Westerbork refugee camp. Westerbork (Netherlands : Concentration camp); usage: Westerbork, Transit Camp Westerbork, Kamp Westerbork; Nazi Transit Camp Westerbork) found : NUCMC data from Holocaust Center of Northern Calif. for Jakobowitz family papers, 1943-1945 (collection contains materials from KZ Westerbork) [2] A special, separate work cadre of 2,000 “permanent” Jewish inmates was used as a camp labor force. westerbork Because Westerbork’s primary role was as a transit camp, most Jews only spent a short period of time there. The Dutch government originally set up the camp in 1939 to accommodate Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany, but, after the Germans conquered the Netherlands in July 1940, Westerbork functioned as a transit camp where Jewish inmates performed forced labour before shipment east to other concentration camps or extermination camps. The satirical performance was performed once in June 1944 by Jewish prisoners from camp Westerbork. From 1942 to 1944, the majority of Jews in the Netherlands were sent to Westerbork before they were deported to killing centers in German-occupied Poland. Westerbork was liberated on April 12, 1945, by Canadian forces who found 876 inmates there. Transports were a traumatic experience for Jews in Westerbork. Torture or ill treatment of the prisoners was not common practice in Westerbork. HolocaustLiesExposed Published on Mar 26, 2021. [15], In 2017, films commissioned by the German camp commander Albert Gemmeker from a Jewish prisoner, Rudolf Breslauer, to document everyday life in the Westerbork transit camp, were submitted by the Netherlands and included in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. 73 views 87 days ago. Some of them were German Jews who had been passengers on the St. Louis ship. Presser also published a novel, The Night of the Girondins, which was set in Westerbork. Most of those people deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and Sobibor were killed upon arrival. He wrote: The transports are as nauseating as ever.… Men, quiet, stone-faced; women, often in tears. Whoever hesitates, whoever dawdles, is being assisted; sometimes herded, sometimes shoved, sometimes beaten, sometimes punched, sometimes persuaded by a boot, quickly shoved aboard the train…. Max Ehrlich (1892-1944) was one of the most celebrated actors and directors on the German comedy and cabaret scene of the 1930s. 0 . There were also several small deportation transports to the Ravensbrück and Buchenwald concentration camps. There was work, education, schools for the children and means for relaxation. Livestream opera about camp Westerbork, on 4 May. This camp had been opened by the Dutch authorities during the summer 1939 in order to receive the Jewish refugees coming from Germany.The first refugees arrived in Westerbork on October 9, 1939. Westerbork was considered by Nazi standards as “humane”. "Jodenvervolging: Nationaal Monument Westerbork", Cabaret Behind Barbed Wire: Max Ehrlich & the Westerbork Theater Group, List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westerbork_transit_camp&oldid=1003952868, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2019, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Polizeiliches Durchgangslager Westerbork, Judendurchgangslager Westerbork, This page was last edited on 31 January 2021, at 13:49. [3] Jewish inmates with families were housed in 200 interconnected cottages that contained two rooms, a toilet, a hot plate for cooking, and a small yard. At other times they left on cattle cars. The first train arrived on July 15th and left the camp on July 16th with 1,135 of the first selected Jews. This text describe the conditions of life in, a transit camp located in Holland which was the first stop before the extermination camps. Most Jews stayed in the camp for only a short period of time. As a transit camp, Westerbork served as a temporary collection point for Jews in the Netherlands prior to their deportation by the Germans to killing centers and concentration camps in the east. For example, Dutch-Jewish journalist Philip Mechanicus, who kept a diary of life in Westerbork, described a transport that took place on June 1, 1943. The second, smaller, concentration camp in Holland was Vught. There were three concentration camps in the Netherlands – the smaller KZ Herzogenbusch near Vught, Kamp Amersfoort near Amersfoort, and Westerbork transit camp (a "Jewish assembly camp"); there were a number of other camps variously controlled by the military, the … [1] Established by the Dutch government in the summer of 1939, Camp Westerbork was meant to serve as a refugee camp for Jews who had illegally entered the Netherlands. Ludmilla, or corpses on an assembly line, will be performed on 4 May from 9 p.m. in Wilminktheater and Muziekcentrum Enschede. From May 1940 to July 1942, the camp remained under Dutch administration. However, the Westerbork commandant decided who would be deported. More than 100,000 Jews spent time in the Westerbork transit camp prior to their deportation. [8] The film features colorization of original video of transports from Westerbork by photographer Rudolf Breslauer. Westerbork was a concentration camp in Drenthe in the Netherlands. Westerbork concentration camp 1943-1944 . It was in the Dutch province of Drenthe, near the towns of Westerbork and Assen. A bus transported us from the museum to the actual prison grounds where immediately we saw the stark difference between the camp commander's house and where the prisoners were housed. Camp Westerbork also housed German film actress and cabaret singer Dora Gerson, who was interned there with her family before being sent to Auschwitz, and Professor Sir William Asscher, who survived the camp when his mother secured his family's release by fabricating English ancestry. Select from premium Westerbork Concentration Camp of the highest quality. Maurice Frankenhuis chronicled his family's experiences while interned in Westerbork and in 1948 conducted an interview with its Commander Albert Gemmeker while awaiting trial. There were approximately 20,000 non-Dutch Jews residing in the Netherlands, most of them refugees from Germany. Westerbork: Westerbork by Gabrielle Stilten, survivor of Theresienstadt. Provenance Source of acquisition is the Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, NIOD, (Netherlands Institute for War Documentation), Fond 250i. Year-old train cars from the Deutsche Reichsbahn can be seen on Dutch Armed Forces vehicles in the train depot in Strassfurt, Germany, 23 May 2016. During World War II there were five concentration camps in the Netherlands. This first transport was followed by more than 90 subsequent transports to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Theresienstadt, and Bergen-Belsen. [4], Etty Hillesum was able to avoid the Nazi dragnet that identified Jews until April 1942. [5] Anne remained at the camp in a small hut until September 3, when she was deported to Auschwitz. Between July 1942, and September 1943, approximately 110,00 Jewish people passed through the two camps. [2] As a tribute to those inmates who had died after deportation, a memorial was commissioned;[2] it consists of 102,000 stones, representing each person who was deported from Westerbork and never returned.  Some stayed for years, most for … After the Nazi conquest of Holland, it was expanded it into a transit camp, where it operated until April 1944. The grungy snake, now fully loaded, crawls away. She took a job with Judenrat for two weeks and then volunteered to accompany the first group of Jews sent to Westerbork. Westerbork Concentration Camp - Stories Introduction. When the cars are full, the prescribed number of deportees having been loaded, the cars are sealed…. Jules Schelvis, who had spent six days in Westerbork prior to deportation, was the only known survivor of this transport. In these camps the Germans imprisoned Jews, homosexuals, gypsies, disabled people, prisoners of war, members of the resistance and dissenters. Michael Fink and his parents Manfred and Herta were three of these long-term Westerbork residents. It was in the Dutch province of Drenthe, near the towns of Westerbork and Assen. Westerbork concentration camp: report and correspondence, 1944-1959 Wiener Library: referencedIn: Donahue, Arwen,. Westerbork had three commandants, all of whom were SS officers: Erich Deppner (July 1942–September 1942); Josef Hugo Dischner (September–October 1942); and Albert Konrad Gemmeker (October 1942–April 1945). The camp of Westerbork was situated about 15 km from the village of Westerbork. The best known person to pass through Westerbork was Anne Frank. [2] Cultural activities provided by the Nazis for designated deportees included metalwork, jobs in health services, and other cultural activities. USHMM (08049), courtesy of Toni Heller. [2] Allied troops neared Westerbork in early April, 1945 after German officials abandoned the camp. These camps were usually the last stop before deportation to a killing center. Transit camps functioned as temporary holding facilities for Jews awaiting deportation. German SS men and a rotating group of Dutch civilian and military police guarded the camp. During this time, the camp was renamed Kamp Schattenberg. However, there was also a long-term camp population of approximately 2,000 people. The Lebensborn: I am a Lebensborn Child A moving and exceptional testimony by Adele Meredith. In early April 1945, as Allied troops approached the camp, the Germans abandoned Westerbork. This camp was the last time on Dutch soil for over 100,000 Jews who were sent on after a brief stay to death camps such as Auschwitz and Sopibor. [1], Notable prisoners in Westerbork included Anne Frank, who was transported to Camp Westerbork on August 4, 1944[4] and Etty Hillesum, each of whom wrote of their experiences in diaries discovered after the war. The Dutch government established a camp at Westerbork (Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork) in 1939 to intern Jewish refugees, mostly from Germany. Among them were Anne Frank and her family. During the Second World War, Camp Westerbork, Netherlands, was known as “the gateway to Hell”. Camps in Europe. Among these sites was the Westerbork transit camp in the Netherlands. SHAEF Counterintelligence Report on Concentration Camps. But beginning in 1943, deportation transports left every Tuesday. Camp Westerbork was different than most camps we know of. From 2 March 1943 to 16 November 1943, there was a weekly rhythm: every Tuesday, a train departed with a thousand to sometimes more than three thousand people. On July 14th, 1942, all the Jews were examined by the SS in order to determine who was able to work or not. [16], "Westerbork" redirects here. [1] Within this group was a sub-group constituting a camp police force which was required to assist with transports and keep order. Until July 1942, Westerbork was a refugee camp for Jews who had moved illegally to the Netherlands. They were located in Amersfoort, Ommen, Schoorl, Vught and Westerbork. From 1942 to 1944, the majority of Jews in the Netherlands were sent to Westerbork before they were deported to killing centers in. [1] Jewish inmates were deported in waves to Auschwitz concentration camp (65 train-loads totaling 60,330 people), Sobibor (19 train-loads; 34,313 people), Theresienstadt ghetto, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camp (9 train-loads; 4,894 people). The peoples were promised a quick return to their homeland. In July 1942, German officials took over and transformed Westerbork into a transit camp for Dutch Jews. ... TIME TEAM - 200 year old concentration camp and atrocity rumours. Goldstein Thanks Eisenhower For Letter On Anniversary of Liberation . The camp administration was headed by a German commandant. These camps were usually the last stop before deportation to a killing center. The perpetrators used these locations for a range of purposes, including forced labor, detention of people deemed to be "enemies of the state," and mass murder. Dutch government in 1939 as a haven for a tidal wave of German Jews fleeing the rising tide of antisemitism in Germany and the ultimate grasping of power by the Nazis which precipitated World War II. The first deportation transport left Westerbork on July 15, 1942, for Auschwitz-Birkenau. Westerbork (Concentration camp) Administrative History. View the list of all donors. At first they lived in Rotterdam. [9], Jacques Schol, a Dutchman, was commander of the camp from July 16 1940 and until January 1943. Millions of people suffered and died or were killed. [1][2], Camp Westerbork was utilized as a staging ground for the deportation of Jews. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW The whistle sounds … a heart-rending sound is heard by everyone in the camp. Most were sent to killing centers at Auschwitz-Birkenau or Sobibor. Today there is a museum and a few monuments of remembrance to those transported and killed during World War II. In 1950, the Dutch government appointed Jewish historian Jacques Presser to investigate the events connected with the mass deportation of Dutch Jewry and the extent of the collaboration by the non-Jewish Dutch population. He was known for his brutality against Jewish inmates, kicking inmates to death. Westerbork concentration camp ( Dutch : Kamp Westerbork , German : Durchgangslager Westerbork) was a World... A wedding in Westerbork. The Germans built more barracks and expanded the camp, so that it could hold more people. The first refugees arrived in Westerbork in October of that year. Holder of Originals NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies. Westerbork was originally established in 1939 by the Dutch before the German invasion of the Netherlands. It was used by the Nazis in World War II This page was last changed on 26 January 2021, at 15:18. 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Camps like Auschwitz and Sobibor in German-occupied Poland were killed upon arrival when she was to. The Nazis for designated deportees included metalwork, health services work, westerbork concentration camp, schools for deportation! First stop before deportation to a halt at camp Westerbork in early April,.! By photographer Rudolf Breslauer followed by more than 100,000 Jews spent time in the camp remained under Dutch.... Long-Term camp population of approximately 2,000 people the persecution of the camp of the Netherlands their deportation final transport the. Ship returned to Europe, the Germans built more barracks and expanded the camp, most Jews in... Former concentration camp in Holland which was headed by a German commandant a... ] Hillesum westerbork concentration camp at Westerbork until September 3, 1943 thirty minute drive from the village of Westerbork a! The grungy snake, now fully loaded, crawls away liberated on April 12, 1945 there work! July 16 1940 and until January 1943, Schoorl, Vught and Westerbork two camps Night of the....

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