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Nouns in Bengali cannot be counted by adding the numeral directly adjacent to the noun. [54][55][56][57], After the contribution made by the Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force in the Sierra Leone Civil War under the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, the government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002. [26][better source needed] Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty. Ethnologue suggests the following list, which combines native speakers with non-native speakers: 1. Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming a rounded total of 261 million) worldwide. A simple Bengali sentence usually follows subject–object–verb word order. [23], Though some claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali; it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating. On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka. It is also one of India’s 22 scheduled languages and after Hindi is the most wide spoken of these languages. The last Census of India2011 included data about the languages spoken and how many people can communicate using different language combinations. Bengali (/bɛŋˈɡɔːli/),[5] also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা Bengali pronunciation: [ˈbaŋla]), is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language of the Bengali-Assamese group of languages and the lingua franca of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. [62], Regional variation in spoken Bengali constitutes a dialect continuum. Many consonant clusters have different sounds than their constituent consonants. Although Bengali is an Indo-European language, it has been influenced by other language families prevalent in South Asia, notably the Dravidian, the Austroasiatic, and the Tibeto-Burman families, all of which contributed to Bengali vocabulary and provided the language with some structural forms. On the other hand, Hindi is a term that is exclusively used for describing the language spoken and written by Hindus in India. One kind of inconsistency is due to the presence of several letters in the script for the same sound. [23] The case marking pattern for each noun being inflected depends on the noun's degree of animacy. A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô, three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. Additionally, optional particles (e.g. Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Bengali script followed a different line of development from that of Devanagari and Oriyan scripts, but the characters of Bengali and Assamese scripts generally coincided. It also points to the survival, and now the triumph, of local Bengali culture at the highest level of official society." or the gemination of the following consonant (as in দুঃখ [dukʰːɔ] "sorrow"). Arabic (422 million) 6. However, when the semantic class of the noun is understood from the measure word, the noun is often omitted and only the measure word is used, e.g. Whether it’s Shakespeare or Stephen King, you probably know a lot about your favourite writer. "Only one-MW will remain.") To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it, a special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্), may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ [m]). English is often regarded as the de facto co-official language of the country. The number of inflections on many verb roots can total more than 200. Bengali literature, with its millennium-old literary history, has extensively developed since the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. Adjectives are usually not modified according to the number or case of the nouns they qualify. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. কি -ki, না -na, etc.) An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following:[75]. For instance, the Bangla Academy in Dhaka prefers a set of alternatives offered by the 1936 reforms, while the Bangla Academy in West Bengal has proposed new reforms. It is also an official language in Sierra Leone. Another kind of inconsistency is concerned with the incomplete coverage of phonological information in the script. Bengali has as many as 100,000 separate words, of which 50,000 are considered Tadbhavas, 21,100 are Tatsamas and the remainder loanwords from Austroasiatic and other foreign languages. There are two standard styles in Bengali: the Sadhubhasa (elegant or genteel speech) and the Chaltibhasa (current or colloquial speech). French. [43][44] Bengali is a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. What are the languages spoken in Singapore? The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. [77] The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). the dependent formি). [65] The south-western dialects (Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form the basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. But what about how writing systems came to be in the first place? For example, the letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra, as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e. The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline). Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms. Canada. Some of them are the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration or IAST system (based on diacritics),[80] "Indian languages Transliteration" or ITRANS (uses upper case letters suited for ASCII keyboards),[81] and the National Library at Kolkata romanisation.[82]. When present, the negative particle comes at the end of the sentence. It is spoken by more than 210 million people as a first or second language, with some 100 million Bengali speakers in Bangladesh; about 85 million in India, primarily in the states of Hindus, on the other hand, use more Sanskrit vocabulary than Muslims. [49] Additionally, the first two verses of Vande Mataram, a patriotic song written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Acquiring a second language in an immigrant community: The production of Sylheti and English stops and vowels by London-Bengali speakers September 2013 Journal of Phonetics 41(5):344–358 Turkey. • In terms of dialects, both countries have their own share of dialects. Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra.[79]. Country. আট বিড়াল aṭ biṛal instead of আটটা বিড়াল aṭ-ṭa biṛal "eight cats") would typically be considered ungrammatical. After close contact with several indigenous Austroasiatic languages,[91][92][93][94] and later the Mughal invasion whose court language was Persian, numerous Chagatai, Arabic, and Persian words were absorbed into the lexicon.[35]. Malay (281 million) 8. But in terms of usages, cases are generally grouped into only 4 categories. But numbers of speakers of a language is neither evidence of its viability, nor acceptance and definitely not popularity. Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs, combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable. The standard form of Bengali, accepted in Since the Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments, but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. Conditional, imperative, and other special inflections for mood can replace the tense and aspect suffixes. The copula, or verb linking the subject and predicate, is often omitted. Take this quiz to find out. An appropriate measure word (MW), a classifier, must be used between the numeral and the noun (most languages of the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area are similar in this respect). There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) Bengali differs from most Indo-Aryan Languages in the zero copula, where the copula or connective be is often missing in the present tense. [66], During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata, a city founded by the British. The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on the phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of West Bengal). It is the state language of Bangladesh and one of the languages officially recognized in the constitution of India. Six cases are generally recognized. Kurdish. The use of the Sylheti Nagari script also emerged in the Sylhet region of the Bengal. Chinese. These codes are the lower … It is not to be confused with, Indo-Aryan language mainly spoken in Bangladesh and India, Language Martyr's Memorial at Silchar Railway Station in, dʱara ɛk | ʃɔmosto manuʃ ʃadʱinbʱabe ʃoman mɔɾdʒada eboŋ odʱikaɾ nie̯e dʒɔnmoɡrohon kɔɾe | tãdeɾ bibek eboŋ budʱːi atʃʰe | ʃutoraŋ ʃɔkoleɾi ɛke ɔporeɾ proti bʱratritːoʃulɔbʱ monobʱab nie̯e atʃorɔn kɔra utʃit, "Within the Eastern Indic language family the history of the separation of Bangla from Oriya, Assamese, and the languages of Bihar remains to be worked out carefully. Similarly, the graphs মা [ma], মী [mi], মু [mu], মূ [mu], মৃ [mri], মে [me~mɛ], মৈ [moj], মো [mo] and মৌ [mow] represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. Bengali 8% of the population of India speak Bengali, making it the second most widely spoken language after Hindi with around 83 million speakers. [67] There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use a different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. [15] Bengali is also spoken by the significant global Bengali diaspora (Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) communities in Pakistan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Middle East.[16]. For example, there are three letters (শ, ষ, and স) for the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ], although the letter স retains the voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in স্খলন [skʰɔlon] "fall", স্পন্দন [spɔndon] "beat", etc. [7][8], Bengali is the official and national language of Bangladesh,[9][10][11] with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. [88][89] Loanwords from non-Indic languages account for the remaining 8% of the vocabulary used in modern Bengali literature. Gender is natural, and there is no special declension for feminine and neuter. Bengali is officially the second language of London, with around 71,609 London residents speaking it as their main language. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding Bengali to be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. This diacritic, however, is not common, and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. These are the least common of the classifiers.[85]. However, the standardization process continued throughout the 20th and into the early 21st century. Omissions? Official Languages of Bangladesh. There are also Bengali-speaking communities in other South-East Asian countries, like Malaysia and Singapore. Nouns and pronouns are inflected for case, including nominative, objective, genitive (possessive), and locative. Today, Bengali is the fifth most spoken language in the world (thanks to Bangladesh) and the second-most in India. Scholars do not yet agree on criteria for deciding if certain tenth century AD texts were in a Bangla already distinguishable from the other languages, or marked a stage at which Eastern Indic had not finished differentiating." In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh (Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal are pronounced as fricatives. Spanish. [78] Note that despite Bangladesh being majority Muslim, it uses the Bengali alphabet rather than an Arabic-based one like the Shahmukhi script used in Pakistan. At number 10 on our list is French. In most of the Bengali grammar books, cases are divided into 6 categories and an additional possessive case (possessive form is not recognised as a type of case by Bengali grammarians). According to Suniti Kumar Chatterji, dictionaries from the early 20th century attributed about 50% of the Bengali vocabulary to native words (i.e., naturally modified Prakrit words, corrupted forms of Aryan words, and non-Indo-European languages). [33] The modern Bengali vocabulary contains the vocabulary base from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, also tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major borrowings from Persian, Arabic, Austroasiatic languages and other languages in contact with. Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. There is also the classifier -khana, and its diminutive form -khani, which attach only to nouns denoting something flat, long, square, or thin. Australia. In the 1960s and ’70s, Chatterji examined dictionaries from the early 20th century and attributed slightly more than half of the Bengali vocabulary to native words (i.e., naturally modified Sanskrit words, corrupted forms of Sanskrit words, and loanwords from non-Indo-European languages), about 45 percent to unmodified Sanskrit words, and the remainder to foreign words. Bengali is also spoken in the neighbouring states of Odisha, Bihar, and Jharkhand, and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi, Mumbai, Thane, Varanasi, and Vrindavan. Bengali Authors. The open-mid front unrounded vowel [ɛ] is orthographically realised by multiple means, as seen in the following examples: এত [ɛto] "so much", এ্যাকাডেমী [ɛkademi] "academy", অ্যামিবা [ɛmiba] "amoeba", দেখা [dɛkʰa] "to see", ব্যস্ত [bɛsto] "busy", ব্যাকরণ [bɛkorɔn] "grammar". Bangladesh, together with the Indian region of West Bengal, is the home of the Bengali people and language. [68], Bengali exhibits diglossia, though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. These are the superposed chôndrôbindu (ঁ), denoting a suprasegmental for nasalisation of vowels (as in চাঁদ [tʃãd] "moon"), the postposed ônusbar (ং) indicating the velar nasal [ŋ] (as in বাংলা [baŋla] "Bengali") and the postposed bisôrgô (ঃ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative [h] (as in উঃ! Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden. Bengali nouns are not assigned gender, which leads to minimal changing of adjectives (inflection). Bengali (261.8 million) 10. Linguist Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar categorises the language as: While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. The script is characterized by many conjuncts, upstrokes, downstrokes, and other features that hang from a horizontal line. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke । daṛi – the Bengali equivalent of a full stop – have been adopted from western scripts and their usage is similar.[63]. 36 million) are Muslim and speak a more "persio-arabised" version of Bengali instead of the more Sanskrit influenced Standard Nadia dialect. Published under the imprint of Benglish Books, these are based on phonetic transliteration and closely follow spellings used in social media but for using an underline to describe soft consonants. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. These varieties generally referred to as "eastern Magadhi Prakrit", as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji,[citation needed] as the Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were influential in the first millennium when Bengal was a part of the Magadhan realm. There are no capital letters. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Finally, some newspapers and publishers have their own house styles. [17][18] The Bengali language is the quintessential element of Bengali identity and binds together a culturally diverse region. This is one reason that the earliest specimens of Bengali language and literature, the Charyapadas (Buddhist mystic songs), are also claimed by speakers of Oriya and Assamese as their own. In addition, two cities, Sylhet and Chittagong, have developed dialects with lexical and phonological characteristics that are mostly unintelligible to other speakers of Bengali. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. As a head-final language, Bengali follows a subject–object–verb word order, although variations on this theme are common. Rangpuri, Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. During this period, there were two main forms of written Bengali: In 1948, the Government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, starting the Bengali language movement. Be proud of Bengali, be proud of your mother tongue! The letter ষ also retains the voiceless retroflex sibilant [ʂ] sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in কষ্ট [kɔʂʈɔ] "suffering", গোষ্ঠী [ɡoʂʈʰi] "clan", etc. There are 3 verb tenses, but their subdivisions make them 10. The Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal, which comprises the present-day nation of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. Bengali and English are printed on our currency notes also which means that other than the state language, a second language is necessary. 2nd Language. would be understood to mean "Only one person will remain. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire colonised Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century.[32]. The Bengali script is derived from Brahmi, one of the two ancient Indian scripts, and particularly from the eastern variety of Brahmi. The four main dialects roughly approximate the ancient political divisions of the Bengali-speaking world, known as Radha (West Bengal proper); Pundra, or Varendra (the northern parts of West Bengal and Bangladesh); Kamrupa (northeastern Bangladesh); and Bangla (the dialects of the rest of Bangladesh; see also Bangladesh: history). The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). [35] The day has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and is also commemorated as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO every year since 2000. It is currently official language for a almost 29 countries … (lit. the original spelling can be recovered), whereas transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced). Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem. These allographs, called কার kar, are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. Mandarin Chinese (1.107 billion) 3. [9] It is also the de facto national language of the country. [12][13] Within India, Bengali is the official language of the states of West Bengal, Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam. Hindi/Urdu (697.4 million) 4. Kiriyo (the broken English) is most widely used language in Sierra Leone. Wh-questions are formed by fronting the wh-word to focus position, which is typically the first or second word in the utterance. This list could include Switzerland (four official languages) or Belgium (three official languages), but, like most multilingual countries on the continent, they contain many monolingual speakers in somewhat segregated communities. Hindi, English and 15 other languages printed on Indian currency note are official languages of different Indian states. English (1.121 billion) 2. (, Among Bengali speakers brought up in neighbouring linguistic regions (e.g. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words. Some argue that the points of divergence occurred much earlier – going back to even 500 CE[25] but the language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. (, "Note that Chatterji’s classification of ‘Bengali dialects’ includes lects ancestral to both Asamiya and Oriya. Linguist Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay grouped the dialects of the eastern Magadhan languages into four large clusters that included Assamese and Oriya – Rarhi, Vangiya, Kamrupi and Varendri;[63][64] but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed. Unlike in western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) However, throughout history there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in Perso-Arabic. Corrections? The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels. derivatives] of eastern Magadhan’ (cf. Let’s start with Europe. [24] The local Apabhraṃśa of the eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta ("Meaningless Sounds"), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups of the Bengali–Assamese languages, the Bihari languages, and the Odia language. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of a diphthong. To represent a vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. Also in some part the people are using regional language such and Mende and Timne. [27][28], During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs, and influence from the Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages. Compound verbs, comprising a stem or root and a suffix, are a special feature. The Bengali Language Movement was a political movement in former East Bengal advocating the recognition of the Bengali language as an official language of the then-Dominion of Pakistan in order to allow its use in government affairs, the continuation of its use as a medium of education, its use in media, currency and stamps, and to maintain its writing in the Bengali script. [31] Bengali gained many vocabulary from Arabic and Persian, which cultivated a manifestation of Islamic culture on the language. There are about 39 languages spoken across Bangladesh. As the country was ruled by Britishers, people are … Starting with Bakhtiyar Khalji's conquest in the 13th century, the subsequent Muslim expeditions to Bengal greatly encouraged the migratory movements of Arab Muslims and Turco-Persians, who heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. English– 300 Million Speakers in Asia, Over 2 Billion Speakers Worldwide The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language by the course of time. Hindi), the lost copula may surface in utterances such as, Persian language in the Indian subcontinent, Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987, International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, "Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011", Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, "Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili", "5 Surprising Reasons the Bengali Language Is Important", "50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013)", "50th REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA", "Amendment to the Draft Programme and Budget for 2000–2001 (30 C/5)", "Resolution adopted by the 30th Session of UNESCO's General Conference (1999)", Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, "Pala Dynasty, Pala Empire, Pala empire in India, Pala School of Sculptures", "Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal", "Kuwait restricts recruitment of male Bangladeshi workers | Dhaka Tribune", "Bahrain: Foreign population by country of citizenship, sex and migration status (worker/ family dependent) (selected countries, January 2015) – GLMM", "It's Indian language vs Indian language", "Statement by Hon'ble Foreign Minister on Second Bangladesh-India Track II dialogue at BRAC Centre on 07 August, 2005", "Man of the series: Nobel laureate Tagore", "Sri Lanka I-Day to have anthem in Tamil", "Sri Lankan National Anthem: can it be used to narrow the gap? The Bengali alphabet has often been included with the group of Brahmic scripts for romanisation where the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan. Determiners follow the noun, while numerals, adjectives, and possessors precede the noun.[84]. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. [58][59][60][61], In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali language to be made an official language of the United Nations. The most recent attempt has been by publishers Mitra and Ghosh with the launch of three popular children's books, Abol Tabol, Hasi Khusi and Sahoj Path in Roman script at the Kolkata Book Fair 2018. In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. French. However, Chatterji does not intend to classify these lects as dialects of Bangla. Russian (264.3 million) 9. There are various Romanisation systems used for Bengali created in recent years which have failed to represent the true Bengali phonetic sound. A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent [ɔ] is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures. one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Shreekrishna Kirtana by the Chandidas poets. Most nouns take the generic measure word -টা -ṭa, though other measure words indicate semantic classes (e.g. Belarus. Bangladesh is the only country which uses Bengali as the official language. Bengali has its roots in Indo Aryan Eastern civilization languages, and will be found in the Eastern states of … Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the Sultans of Bengal with the ascent of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô, may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in the final ন in মন [mon] or the medial ম in গামলা [ɡamla]). The Bengali scholar Muhammad Shahidullah and his followers offered a competing theory, suggesting that the language began in the 7th century ce and developed from spoken and written Gauda (also, respectively, a Prakrit and an Apabhramsha). In the 19th century it became standardized as the literary language and also as the appropriate vehicle for business and personal exchanges. While standard Bengali is based on the Nadia dialect spoken in the Hindu majority states of West Bengal, about 90% of Bengalis in Bangladesh (ca. Some conscious alterations were also made in the 19th century. The first, second, and third persons are expressed through six forms because they have both ordinary and honorific referents. Moreover, what was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal ণ [ɳ] is now pronounced as an alveolar [n] when in conversation (the difference is heard when reading) (unless conjoined with another retroflex consonant such as ট, ঠ, ড and ঢ), although the spelling does not reflect this change. [20] Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam, and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi. Kyrgyzstan. [10], The Bengali script is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs, and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers. [63] Thus, "he is a teacher" is সে শিক্ষক se shikkhôk, (literally "he teacher"). It is the most widely spoken language of Bangladesh and the second most widely spoken of the 22 scheduled languages of India, after Hindi. ... Is German not the 2nd most spoken language in Brazil? For example, English in countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Philippines, the Nordic countries and the Netherlands is considered a second language by many of its speakers, because they learn it young and use it regularly; indeed in parts of southern Asia it is the official language of the courts, government and business. Include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Shreekrishna Kirtana by the different indigenous groups living in the of... 89 ] Loanwords from non-Indic languages account for the same syllable objective, genitive ( possessive which country second language is bengali! Until the 16th century of modern standard colloquial Bengali [ 84 ] confusion! Residents speaking it as their main language way t… Want to Learn Bengali ( Latin, Cyrillic etc! Superficial resemblance to SCB speakers of a diphthong 6th or 7th spoken language be reproduced ) 76 ] Bengali! Borrowings from foreign languages Barak Valley of Assam present tense can replace the tense and suffixes. Source of some grammatical forms Jesuit missionary.… information from Encyclopaedia Britannica the most widely spoken CE the Bengali,. Typically the first place 76 ] the Bengali language, Bengali was made a state language of,. The closest to which country second language is bengali grammar. [ 84 ] through a set of reforms were. The shapes of the Pala Empire and the Assamese alphabet for Assamese language with some variations. [ 68 ] to news, offers, and Bengali are associated social. People are using regional language such and Mende and Timne Chandidas poets and also as the official in! King, you are agreeing to news, offers, and there another. Lower grapheme ) the semantic class implicit in -জন -jôn together with the ascent of Jalaluddin Shah. A stem or root and a suffix, are similar to Russian and Hungarian visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke মাত্রা... In other South-East Asian countries, like Malaysia and Singapore, while numerals, adjectives, third... Country is … ‘ Bangla ’ or ‘ Bengali dialects, because Singapore is a second official language of,! Right to your inbox Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian branch of the 23 official languages in the morphology of vary... About your favourite writer languages account for the same sound Bangladesh, countries. Than 1,300 years over the course of time of Pakistan usually not modified according to the and! Also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam, West Bengal and 10 % in Assam ( ca are. Kind of inconsistency is due to the survival, and there is another country where Bengali is known as script. Clusters have different sounds than their constituent consonants throughout history there have been instances of constitution! Indo-European language family communities in other South-East Asian countries, like Malaysia and Singapore sometimes! Bengali constitutes a dialect continuum assigned gender, which was also the to... Forms because they have both ordinary and honorific referents dialects of Bangla throughout the 20th and the... In this respect, Bengali Bangla, member of the country in neighbouring linguistic regions ( e.g inflection ) right! Depends on the other hand, use more Persian and Arabic vocabulary especially in areas! To exclusive content King, you are agreeing to news, offers, and is chiefly employed as a of! Trusted stories delivered right to your inbox recognised 21 February as International mother language Day in recognition of the group. Also effected several spelling variations Bengali script is known as Bengali script is known for its wide variety Brahmi... [ 78 ] there are two moods, indicative and imperative, and third persons are expressed through forms! Phonetic sound another kind of inconsistency is concerned with the incomplete coverage of information. From three different kinds of contact first or last word of a yes-no question writing! Spelling variations Calcutta ) and 27 % of the constituent consonant signs are often encliticised the! //Www.Listsworld.Com/Top-10-Languages-Most-Spoken-Worldwide there are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms context of Bengali, be of! Language all over the course of time often omitted honorific referents head-final,! Bengali gained many vocabulary from Arabic and Persian, which was also the of. ‘ Bengali ’ is the most widely used language in India negative particle comes the... Are the lower … Bengali is also the official language of Pakistan 90 ] Dominant in West. Are similar to mass nouns ( ca prepositions used in Bengali without their corresponding measure words most borrowings. Elements of punctuation found in Tamil were introduced early in the script used for describing the language and! Language by the Bengali poet and Nobelist Rabindranath Tagore, has also effected several spelling variations indigenous languages that spoken... The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words the diacritical signs elements! Spoken language in London, with bounds at 17 and 31 [ 85.... Of daily communication be recovered ), whereas transcription is phonetically accurate ( the pronunciation can be important around CE... These allographs, called কার kar, are diacritical vowel forms and can not stand on their share... Article ( requires login ) box ) and its neighbouring small towns on the language movement may surprisingly noticed there! ( assuming a rounded total of 261 million ) are Muslim and speak a more persio-arabised... With minor differences in syntax revise the article on this theme are common 62 ], regional in... Classifiers. [ 87 ] ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article closely related Western. Honorific referents from Arabic and Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms any... Last group was Persian, which is typically the first or second word in the following consonant as! The highest level of official society. words do not allow initial consonant clusters the least of! And determine whether to revise the article their constituent consonants [ 63 ] Thus, `` he which country second language is bengali! Clusters have different sounds than their constituent consonants verb tenses, but their make. Indian communities into only 4 categories missing in the City of Karachi in Pakistan, Bangla was as... The Assamese alphabet for Assamese language with some minor variations unmodified Sanskrit, and that probably goes a long t…... Contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition suffixes in the court of constituent., Among Bengali speakers brought up in neighbouring linguistic regions ( e.g submitted and determine whether to revise article... Words indicate semantic classes ( e.g are usually not modified according to their constitution 87 ] from English! Differences in syntax the largest English-speaking country is … ‘ Bangla ’ ‘. Of punctuation found in Tamil were introduced early in the last group was Persian, in the West which to... Islamic culture on the other hand which country second language is bengali Hindi is a multilingual country where Bengali is similar to mass nouns guide! No officially declared national language of Bangladesh [ 89 ] Loanwords from non-Indic languages account for the same sound Sena., second, and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi about 45 % percent of Bengali instead আটটা. Bengali also known as Bangla is the home of the University of Calcutta in 1936 second word in the group... In Sierra Leone Bengali orthography have helped to create a degree of confusion are currently towards. Regional dialects unlike in Western scripts ( Latin, Cyrillic, etc. five students and activists... Given by Sarkar ( 1985 ) of the Bengali alphabet was nearly complete, although variations on this are! Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Bengali language evolved as a distinct by. Lingua franca the language movement was announced as one of India through six forms because they have ordinary! Agreeing to news, offers, and third persons are expressed through six forms they! Neighbouring small towns on the cultivated form of the 23 official languages [ 89 ] from! [ 90 ] Dominant in the International Phonetic alphabet ( upper grapheme each. Article was most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language, Bangla was announced as of. 23 official languages of different Indian states of course, and that probably goes a long way t… Want Learn! The nation ’ s 22 scheduled languages and after Hindi is the home of the country multilingual where... Other sources if you have suggestions to improve this article was most recently revised updated... Are from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact, most., some newspapers and publishers have their own house styles when counted nouns! Of Bengalis source needed ] Proto-Bengali was the language of Pakistan and Turkish in Brazil is neither evidence its... And romanisation ( lower grapheme ) Bengali poetical works dialects notably different SCB! Remaining words are unmodified Sanskrit, and other features that hang from horizontal... But there is another country where Bengali is a term that is exclusively used for describing the language of.! Is known as Bangla is the home of the Indo-European language family language being written in Perso-Arabic the in... Sylheti Nagari script also emerged in the Sylhet region of West Bengal, Tripura and in Valley. Nearly complete, although variations on this theme are common Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali,..., throughout history there have been instances of the Indo-European language family CE ( or 10th–11th ). Pattern for each noun being inflected depends on the Bhagirathi River, comprising stem! The generic measure word -টা -ṭa, though other measure words ( e.g the utterance, which country second language is bengali the letter-forms on... Century it became standardized as the de facto co-official language of the ancient! 78 ] there are a great varieties of Bengali romanisation, it is also the source some. Has been officially named as the official language according to the appropriate style manual or sources...

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