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I won't be able to fully answer in a comment, because you've really struck at the heart of CSS selectors and how they work and I really recommend going through a full CSS tutorial for that, but I'll try to cover the main points. (And if it can, get it out of my computer, I'm not ready for the AGI revolution just yet.). I try to stay up with new web platform features. If only there was such a standard... HTML5 is not new. These aren't standard terms or anything; I just made them up for this article. JavaScript: The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the element. Haven't come across it before. I have a lot of confusion around main tag of HTML. It would be great if there were a few tags aimed at web applications - tags like controlbar, preview, settings, livecontent, and user etc. The while(condition) loop is useful for loops with an unknown number of iterations. Plus doing query selectors from JS as well. It probably is preferable to keep your specificity low when possible. i'm just starting out with html and i totally thought the convention was to throw divs in everywhere--glad to have these other options, especially early on! Great and informative article! The term "semantic" refers to the meaning of a word or a thing, so "semantic elements" are elements designed to mark up the structure of a document in a more meaningful way, a way that makes it clear what they're for, what purpose they serve in the document. I included this in my example above to prove the point: I've seen (and used) this pattern for decades, and it makes a ton of sense to structure a document this way, both for readability of the HTML and for easier styling of the page in CSS. The header and footer elements also make partial templates in languages like PHP or Rails/ERB a ton easier to work with, as you can include common header and footer partials all over the site: So here's the thing: everyone agrees that this is a nice pattern to follow. I enjoyed this refresher and I agree there's more to markup than divs. An